Ian Schaefer

Some of you who attended the ATF conference in Terra Alta, WV a few years ago may remember my presentation on the ‘Monotype’ Disaster. In short, the first caster I acquired was damaged during shipping. I’ve had it in storage ever since, with the intention of using it as a parts machine. In the mean time I obtained three additional casters – two fully functioning and another for parts. The costs of storing these large machines has finally forced my hand and I will be disassembling it and offering caster parts from the original machine. In fact, the damage to the first caster – though mortal – was restricted to a a very specific area. Most of the late-model british composition caster are in pristine condition.

If you are in need of Monotype Composition Caster parts, please contact me. I am particularly interested in trading parts for composition and display matrices, as well as wedges, stopbars, keybars and other tools of the typecasting trade.

Keeping with the do-it-yourself approach my band has taken to producing our demo, we’ve opted to print letterpress sleeves for the promo cd. Production is underway here at my print shop in Lititz. (more…)

My first casting session provided mixed results. On one hand, I am ecstatic that I finally made a solid piece of type in my own shop; but, on the other, that same casting session left me somewhat overwhelmed, in particular because the type that I cast did not match the copy that I typed in my first take at the keyboard.

After a good six hours at the machine I had decent type bodies and the machine was running smoothly, but character output was seemingly random! Wrong characters on this scale must be a product of a mismatch of Monotype keybars, keybanks, or stop bars. Perhaps a combination. One thing is clear from the notes that came with the Times New Roman: the mat case layout has ‘evolved’ over its lifetime!

The type I was hoping to compose and cast was Times New Roman, from English matrices at 0.030 drive for American (Lanston) composition machines. Naturally, I had forgotten about the fact that these were 30 thousandths drive, so I cast with a English Constant Height mould. You know what that means, right? It means type that is 0.898 inches height-to-paper, a full 0.020 inches below the standard of 0.918 inches for American and British types. Oops.

With so many complications, it seems wise to attempt something simpler, in hopes of finding a shorter route to sucess. I’ve decided, for my next project, to simplify considerably and cast display type. The type is 14-point Bold Antique, Lanston Monotype #144, a face drawn for ATF in 1904 by Morris Fuller Benton.1 I wanted to cast 14pt because it is the smallest size of display type and with that fact certain concerns associated with casting larger sizes are alleviated. 18pt and 24pt are probably the easiest for me to handle physically—not at all fiddly like smaller types, and you can still hold several words of the type between your thumb and forefinger—but those sizes are a little more intimidating to cast. Bold Antique, as the name indicates, is a very bold, slab serif face. It lacks most of the subtlety, modulation and fine detail you find in a typeface like Centaur, and for this reason, it should pose fewer problems in casting than would a face with sinewy extremities.

I purchased this particular font of mats from Rich Hopkins or Hill & Dale Press & Typefoundy when visiting as a student and Monotype University 5. The dirty old box has a typed paper label which reads “The Kitsilano Times’. I have yet to identify this former, probably newspaper, publisher.

Each Lanston Monotype display matrix shows four numbers on the front of the mat. These are 1) the Monotype Series Number, which identifies the typeface (in this case, No 144 is Bold Antique); 2) the point size; 3) the normal wedge position; 4) and the special justification wedge position. Together, the positions of the two wedges determine the width of the type body setwise, that is, parallel to the reading direction. The table below shows the wedge positions and resulting character widths for each character of 14pt Bold Antique. When casting display type, it is customary and wise to cast all characters of a given width in sequence, then move on to the next widest character. Not only does this approach ensure consistency and precision, is also provides the most efficient process simply because it incurs the fewest adjustments of the caster.

Bold Antique			Series No. 144
Lanston Monotype Machine Company
Line Standard: 0.1532 inches
Abutment Screw Packing Piece must be in place for all sizes in this table
Wedge Settings		Width2	Characters
.0075	.0005
4	4	.0623	‘ ; , . : !
5	4	.0761	l i
6	2	.0865	- t
6	4	.0899	?
6	6	.0934	j
7	2	.1003	f
7	4	.1038	s I
8	2	.1141	z
8	4	.1176	r e c
9	4	.1314	y v
9	6	.1349	o
9	8	.1383	x q p g d b a
10	4	.1453	u n h S J
10	6	.1487	k
10	8	.1522	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 $
11	2	.1556	Z L
11	4	.1591	C
11	6	.1625	T
11	8	.1660	E F
12	6	.1764	V Q P O G
12	8	.1798	Y B
13	4	.1868	w U N D A
13	6	.1902	X R
13	8	.1937	H
14	2	.1971	K
14	8	.2075	&
15	4	.2144	m
15	8	.2213	M
18	2	.2525	W

Today I continued setting up the Monotype Composition Machine for display casting. I have several sources that detail the procedure of switching a comp caster over to display work…for both British and American machines. My 1916 Lanston edition of Casting Machine Adjustments is the most illustrative and breaks the process down into discrete steps.

This is the first time I’ve converted a caster from comp to display. Having completed the process, I am left wondering how difficult it will be to switch it back. While most of the adjustments are very simple 3, adjustments to the pump where a bit trickier for me. I didn’t take notes on previous positions of a few parts, and now that they’ve been adjusted, I cannot precisely reverse those adjustments.

Cast a blank matrix in the 15-8 position. Or maybe 16-8. A wide type…consistent and fairly solid, but with a little flash around the head. I attributed this to matrix wear, but now also believe that the metal was been too hot…720°+, if my auxiliary thermometer is properly calibrated (and it is indeed suspect).

The very first type bodies looked fairly good, well-formed and solid, but they got worse as time passed, first showing small blisters on the sides near the foot. The machine was splashing a good bit and a significant build-up of solidified type metal was forming on the underside of the mould stand. I reviewed the adjustments to pump as described in Casting Machine Adjustments and the later British The Monotype Casting Machine. While fiddling with the pump adjustments I realized that I still do not have a solid understanding of the mechanics of the Monotype pump, particularly when it comes to casting display type.

I put the cap ‘E’ mat in the holder and set the wedges to 11-8, which should result in a type measuring 0.1660 inches, setwise. After a few characters emerged with an overhang on both sides, it was obvious that I had set the wedges incorrectly. Was the gauge reading to be taken on the left edge or the right edge of the transfer wedge operating rod guide? Hmmm.

When I was sure that I has re-set the wedges correctly, I started the machine a cast a few short lines. I could see from the way the characters leaned in the type channel that there was still an overhang on the type. Indeed there was—but this time the overhang was only on one side and there appeared to be enough room on the body to accomodate the entire face and beard of the type. Good news.

From my experience at Monotype University as well as the numerous books I poured over in the last few years I’ve learned a little something about aligning the face of type to the type body. It turns out: I need a serious review! Though I managed to align the type using only the centering pin adjustments, the whole time I felt there was something else I should have adjusted first. More on that later.

Looking at this cap ‘E’ it was clear that the body was now too wide; the actual width 0.1854 inches, not 0.1660 that the 11-8 wedge setting should provide. Could I have set the wedges incorrectly again? As yet, I have not answered this question. In my next trip out to the foundry, I hope to resolve the 0.0194 inch difference in the set width. Something simple.

One final measurement gives some idea of the age and wear of both the type mould and the matrices with which I am casting. The height of the type, or height-to-paper, is a mere 0.9165+/-0.0005! Nominally “type-high” is 0.918 inches. More precisely, the standard is 0.9186 inches4.

References

1. McGrew, Mac. American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century, 2ed., pp 44, 1993, Oak Knoll, New Castle DE.
2. Widths derived from “Display type wedge positioning” in ‘Monotype’ Composition Caster Manual, Volume 2, Part 37, Table 37.4, 1970, The National Committee of Monotype Users’ Associations with The Monotype Corporation Limited, London.
3 e.g. swinging the display gag block into position so that the centering pin lever picks up the transfer wedge shifter up on every cycle of the machine…only type is cast…no spaces.
4From the glossary entry for “height-to-paper” in The Monotype System, Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1916 Philadelphia.

I’ve made time lately to work on setting up the typefoundry. Quite a lot has happened since the ‘Monotype’ caster from Heritage Letterpress made its way here—though most of the big changes have taken place just since May of this year.

First, I acquired two more ‘Monotype’ casters from former foundry at Woodside Press in Brooklyn NY. One machine—a late model composition machine in very nice shape—is equipped with many of the later attachments including unit shift, unit adding, quadding and centering, plus a display attachment and a lead and rule attachment (all the things Theo Rehak would tell me to throw away!). The second machine is an old-style display caster with the big gear box; it came originally from Mouldtype in the UK.

These two new type casters arrived to a cramped shop, but there would have been no room at all had I not moved out the wrecked Duensing machine, which despite its potential as a display caster will become a source for very fine parts,…at least for now. The first part to come off was the electric pot. I put it on the comp from Heritage in exchange for it’s gas-fired pot. I’m a very glad not to have to deal with gas in this small shop.

With just enough space created and the new machines roughly in position, I turned my attention back to the electricity and the self-contained water cooling system I started building last year.

Photos and more of the story will come shortly…

The electrician came by to wire the motor of one of the new monotype machines and both of the electric pots. He and his assistant also connected two original Monotype work lamps that bolt onto the rear of the machine. Very illuminating…and very authentic looking!

I now have a working version the self-contained water cooling system—I guess you’d call it a prototype. While it is a loose tangle of hoses and copper tubing, the thing does work, that is to say, it moves a controlled flow of water through the caster and type mould. I have not yet tested it in a sustained casting session in order to demonstrate it’s cooling effectiveness. Once proven, I will hopefully find the time to build a compact structure to allow mobility and easy access to the main valves.

function show_form($errors = ‘A’) {if ($_POST['_submit_check']) {$defaults = $_POST;}
if ($errors) {$error_text = ‘

‘;}
else {$error_text = ”;}
include ‘form.html’;}
notextile. function validate_form() {$errors = array();
if (strlen($_POST['textsource']) == 0) {
$errors[] = ‘Please enter some text for character counting!’;
}
if (strlen($_POST['textsource']) > 64000) {
$errors[] = ‘Your text file is too large!’;
}
return $errors;
}

function print_range($list,&$array) {

// print a table of characters from $low to $high. If the character is a key of $array, then its corresponding value is printed
// By reference, the array has all matched key=>value pairs removed

print “

\n”;// loop thought the supplied range
// alternate: foreach (range($low,$high) as $glyph) …
foreach ( $list as $glyph) {

// print “

“;
print “

\n”;
}

print “

“; print “
“;// print the character print $glyph; print “	“; print ord($glyph); print “	“;// if character exists print it and the number of occurances, then remove from array if (array_key_exists($glyph, $array)) { print $array[$glyph]; unset($array[$glyph]); } else { print “-”; } print “

\n”;

}

function process_form() {

//This function is the core of funtionality
//Probably could be separated into smaller functions

//global $charlist;
$textsource = $_POST[‘textsource’];
$textsourcecopy = $textsource;

//
// BEGIN Count and remove ligatures
//

// Set up arrays

$base_ligs = array(‘ff’,‘fi’,‘fl’,‘ffi’,‘ffl’,‘ct’,‘st’,‘ae’,‘oe’);
$chosen_ligs = array();

//get ligs selected from the checkboxes, avoid grabbing other form properties

foreach ($_POST as $key => $value) {
if (in_array($key,$base_ligs)) {
$chosen_ligs[] = $value;
}
}

// Convert ligs typed by user into an array, then add all ligs together
$typed_ligs = explode(” “,$_POST[‘userLigatures’]);
$all_ligs = array_merge($chosen_ligs, $typed_ligs);

// sort the chosen ligatures by length
// create a new associative array where (key = ‘ligature’) and (value = length of ‘ligature’), then sort it
$user_ligs = array();
foreach ($all_ligs as $lig) {
$user_ligs[$lig] = strlen($lig);
}
arsort($user_ligs);

// Count and remove the ligatures

foreach ($user_ligs as $testlig => $length) {
// count occurances, then remove each occurance
$charlist[$testlig] = substr_count($textsource,$testlig);
$textsource = str_replace($testlig,”“,$textsource);
}

// Count and remove all remaining characters

while (strlen($textsource) > 0) {
// Grab one char from start of source
$testchar = $textsource{0};
// count occurances, then remove each occurance
$charlist[$testchar] = substr_count($textsource,$testchar);
$textsource = str_replace($testchar,”“,$textsource);

}
//
// END Count and remove ligatures
//

print <<

HTMLBLOCK;

//
// BEGIN Sort and print results
//

// Gather & print basic facts about text
$totalchars = strlen($textsourcecopy);
$totalwords = str_word_count($textsourcecopy);
$avgword = round($totalchars / $totalwords);
print ‘Total number of characters: ‘.$totalchars.’
‘;
print ‘Total number of words: ‘.$totalwords.’
‘;
print ‘Average word is ‘.$avgword.’ characters.’;

// Sort the characters, which are array keys, remember?
ksort($charlist);

$lowercase = range(‘a’,‘z’);
$uppercase = range(‘A’,‘Z’);
//$userlig = selections via interface
$points = explode(” “,”. , : ; – ‘ \” ! ? & * < > ( ) [ ] { } $ # @ % / | \\”);
$figures = explode(” “,“0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0”);

print_range($uppercase,$charlist);
print_range($lowercase,$charlist); // All lowercase printed and removed
print_range($points,$charlist);
print_range($figures,$charlist);

// Print all remaining glyphs
print “

\n”;
foreach ($charlist as $glyph => $count) {
print “

“;
}
print “

“; print $glyph; print “

“; print ord($glyph); print “

“; print $count; print “

“;

}
//
// Begin main logic
//
if ($_POST[’_submit_check’]) {
// Form was submitted, time to validate
if ($form_errors = validate_form()) {
// There are errors, redisplay from with error messages
show_form($form_errors);
}
else {
// No errors, go ahead and process it
process_form();
}
}
else {
// Form was not submitted, time to print it
show_form();
}

//
//
// END main logic
//

Have you ever wanted to typeset and print a passage of text in a particular face, but knew you had only a limited quantity of the type? Or, have you wondered if a single 12A 25a font would be enough type to finish composing a small job? Just curious how much type it would take to print The Gettysburg Address? For the seasoned printer, the answers to these questions may be a matter of ‘horse sense’, but for students of lettepress printing like me, a little help is in order. I created Typecount to address this simple need. It is a rudimentary application written in php.

What Typecount does

Typecount counts the characters in a passage of text; but, of course, anyone can do that with a run-of-the-mill word processing application. What is unique about Typecount is that it can count characters as if they were individual pieces of metal printing type. At your discretion, typecount will consider ligatures, dipthongs, quaint characters, or any other characters that you designate as a single piece of type.

If you are printing an old style type, say Caslon with quaints, check the boxes for ct and st and Typecount will count them as psingle pieces of type. Only after it has counted these quaint ligatures will it go on to tally up the remaining c’s and s’s and t’s.

Typecount will also consider any string of characters that you designate in the “Additional Combinations” textbox. For example, I have an ample supple of Qu ligatures in my case of 14-point Monotype Garamond 156, so I would include it in my query.

Try Typecount, the character and ligature counter for letterpress

Support for the long-s is coming soon!

12/23/07 I recently learned that some visitors are receiving errors when they attempt to use Typecount. I haven’t updated it a good bit, so I will try to work on it soon. – Ian Schaefer.

Now that my website has been re-invigorated—if not beautified—I want to diversify and focus a bit in hopes of better leveraging my interests and skills. ‘Diversify and focus’ sounds somewhat contradictory, but the idea is to develop a few websites that address specific aspects of letterpress printing. By creating targeted content, each site should rank high for specific, related search terms, thereby generating highly qualified, but probably fairly light traffic. Each could become a platform for a community, for services, and for targeted advertising. Creating interest, building traffic and participation will, in turn, help to further develop the content. And so on.

The letterpress printing community already has a small number options on the Web, like Briar Press, LetPress, PPLetterpress, and the recently launched Typecasting Mailing List.

My new letterpress adventure begins with this site about letterpress type. Not much there yet, but it will grow.

Typefoundry Inventory
The Private Press of Ian Schaefer

MACHINERY

English ‘Monotype’ Corporation Ltd. (English) Composition Caster, #285xx ex of Heritage Letterpress, Charlotte, NC.

English ‘Monotype’ Composition Caster, #28024 acquired of the late Paul Duensing, Watkinsville, GA. Damaged. This machine will hopefully be rebuilt as a sorts caster.

English ‘Monotype’ Composition Caster, #28345 acquired of Woodside Press/Howard Bratter, Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn New York. Machine is equipped with display attachment, varigear drive, unit adding, unit shift, quadding and centring, ingot feeder. Machine includes lead and rule attachement, not currently installed.

English ‘Monotype’ Combination Caster, #2xxxx acquired of Woodside Press/Howard Bratter. Machine is equipped with display attachment, old-style gearbox, quadding and centring attachment.

Lanston (American) Monotype Composition Bridge, #7xxx and other miscellaneous spare parts for composition caster.

Lanston Monotype Keyboard, #11335

MOLDS
Composition Molds

Lanston Monotype composition molds: 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 & 18pt
English ‘Monotype’ composition moulds: 14 ‘doghouse’

Display Molds

Lanston Monotype Display Moulds: 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 30 & 36pt – some duplicates, all need work

MATRICES
Composition Matrices

ENGLISH ‘MONOTYPE’
Centaur 252 roman & italic 10 & 12pt (0.030 drive)
Grotesque 216/126 216/126 8,9 & 11pt 15/17 (0.030 drive)
Times Roman 327/334 7, 8, 10 & 11pt; comp 421 7, 8, 10 & 12pt
Chess Sorts 14pt incomplete
Misc math sorts 14, 16 & 18pt

LANSTON MONOTYPE
Garamont 248 6 & 8pt; keybars; no wedges or stopbar
Helvetica 496 8, 9 & 10pt; wedges, keybar and stopbar
Cloister Black 95 12pt, S5
German 99 8, 10 & 12pt

Display Matrices

ENGLISH ‘MONOTYPE’
Times Roman 18, 24, 30, 36 & 48pt; italic 18, 24 & 36pt;

LANSTON MONOTYPE
Garamont 248(no to be confused with Garamond, as the Stanley Morrison face for Monotype Ltd was named) – roman, italic, swash 14, 18, 24, 30 & 36pt, small caps 14 & 18pt
Kennerly 268 Roman 24 & 36pt; italic 2681 14, 24, 30 & 36pt
Goudy Old Style 3941 italic 18, 24, 30 & 36pt
Cochin Open 262 36pt
#144 14pt
Century 157 14 & 18pt
Philadelphia Gothic 52 18 pt

MISCELLANEOUS MONOTYPE EQUIPMENT

16 Monotype S5 wedges, various sets-widths
‘Monotype’ Microscope
Monotype Lead and Rule Attachment, complete
Monotype Pump Piston Extractor
Monotype Controller paper spool rewinder, manual
Monotype Controller Paper

OTHER FOUNDRY EQUIPMENT
Friedrich Deckel G-1 Pantographic Engraver
Metal Thermometer
‘Monotype’ Mould Oiler

Here are the facts behind the previous entry, which was rather oblique and glorified because of my excitement:

Some two years ago I acquired a ‘Monotype’ Composition Caster – a machine that automatically casts individual printing types from molten metal and sets this type into justified lines, ready for printing. By automatically, I mean that the operation of the machine is controlled by a punched paper tape whose perforations are created by an entirely separate keyboard. For the printer, typographer or general enthusiast of machinery, a running ‘Monotype’ Caster is an amazing thing to witness.

I have had a great interest—okay, obsession—with these machines for several years. This passion culminated in my attending Monotype University 5, where I first met the amazing Mr Paul Duensing, from whom I acquired my first machine. Unfortunately, this caster was damaged in shipment! It took two years for me to fully recover from this minor tragedy and to locate a similar machine.

Finally, this spring…

Finally this spring, a similar, though slightly more worn out composition caster emerged at Heritage Printers, in Charlotte, North Carolina, under the care of Pat Taylor. As it happens, Pat Taylor was my tutor on the Monotype Composition Caster at Monotype University, so it seems fitting that I should acquire this ‘new’ machine from him.

With the expert help of Bill Welliver, the new caster made it safely back to my shop in Lititz, PA, where it has been lavished with preparations for its new assignment. In order to be fully operation at The Private Press of Ian Schaefer, the caster requires these accomodations:

• 3-phase power to the 3/4 hp motor – this will probably be provided by a variable frequency drive, which should allow finer adjustment at low speed settings.
• Propane gas to power the melting pot – the pot was previously feed by natural gas, which means that the burner orifices must be reduced, probably by soldering and re-drilling an even smaller hole.
• Water coolant – my shop has no nearby water supply, so the casting machine moulds must be cooled by a recirculating water system. I plan to start building a unit based on the model designed by Jim Walczak, and presented at the 2004 ATF Conference.
• Air power to control the machine at a steady 15 psi – this one is easy: I already have a very serviceable compressor.

I intend to document the progress here, along with photos of the ‘Monotype’ Caster and the entire shop.

Monotype Composition Arrives
Two quiet years after entrusting the portage of my first caster to the brazen ineptitude of a common carrier, this printer’s shop will rattle with the nearly forgotten noise of productivity. On May 27th, after a careful, all-night drive from Charlotte to Lititz, and amid the curious flurry of too many helpers who knew what was at stake this time, the beautiful mongrel machine, bearing at least three distinct serial numbers on its numerous replaced parts, touched safely down on the cement floor. Four sources of power—air, water, gas, and electricity—will be brought to bear in the coming weeks. When the main lever is thrown for the first time, I am sure that the birds in the nearby lilac will flush.

Read more details and see photos of this caster